Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) Model

The SARIMA model is an extension of the ARIMA model, often used when we suspect a model may have a seasonal effect.

By definition, the seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average - SARIMA(p, d, q)(P, D, Q)s - process is a multiplicative of two ARMA processes of the differenced time series.$$(1-\sum_{i=1}^p {\phi_i L^i})(1-\sum_{j=1}^P {\Phi_j L^{j \times s}})(1-L)^d (1-L^s)^D x_t = (1+\sum_{i=1}^q {\theta_i L^i})(1+\sum_{j=1}^Q {\Theta_j L^{j \times s}}) a_t$$ $$y_t = (1-L)^d (1-L^s)^D $$

Where:

  • $x_t$ is the original non-stationary output at time $t$.
  • $y_y$ is the differenced (stationary) output at time $t$.
  • $d$ is the non-seasonal integration order of the time series.
  • $p$ is the order of the non-seasonal AR component.
  • $P$ is the order of the seasonal AR component.
  • $q$ is the order of the non-seasonal MA component.
  • $Q$ is the order of the seasonal MA component.
  • $s$ is the seasonal length.
  • $D$ is the seasonal integration order of the time series.
  • $a_t$ is the innovation, shock, or error term at time $t$.
  • $\{a_t\}$ time series observations are independent and identically distributed (i.e., $i.i.d$) and follow a Gaussian distribution (i.e., $\Phi(0,\sigma^2)$).

Assuming $y_t$ follows a stationary process with a long run mean of $\mu$, then taking the expectation from both sides, we can express $\phi_o$ as follows:$$\phi_o = (1-\phi_1-\phi_2-\cdots-\phi_p)(1-\Phi_1-\Phi_2-\cdots-\Phi_P)$$

Thus, the SARIMA(p, d, q)(P, D, Q)s process can now be expressed as:$$(1-\sum_{i=1}^p {\phi_i L^i})(1-\sum_{j=1}^P {\Phi_j L^{j \times s}}) (y_t -\mu) = (1+\sum_{i=1}^q {\theta_i L^i})(1+\sum_{j=1}^Q {\Theta_j L^{j \times s}}) a_t$$ $$z_t=y_t-\mu$$ $$(1-\sum_{i=1}^p {\phi_i L^i})(1-\sum_{j=1}^P {\Phi_j L^{j \times s}}) z_t = (1+\sum_{i=1}^q {\theta_i L^i})(1+\sum_{j=1}^Q {\Theta_j L^{j \times s}}) a_t$$

In sum, $z_t$ is the differenced signal after we subtract its long-run average.

Remarks

  1. The variance of the shocks is constant or time-invariant.
  2. The order of the seasonal or non-seasonal AR (or MA) component is solely determined by the order of the last lagged variable with a non-zero coefficient. In principle, you can have fewer parameters than the order of the component.
    Consider the following SARIMA(0,1,1) (0,1,1)12 process:$$(1-L)(1-L^{12})x_t-\mu = (1+\theta L)(1+\Theta L^{12})a_t$$

Note!

This is the AIRLINE model, a special case of the SARIMA model.

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